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Criminal law in the Taney Court
The Taney Court (1836–1864) heard thirty criminal law cases, approximately one per year. Notable cases include ''Prigg v. Pennsylvania'' (1842), ''United States v. Rogers'' (1846), ''Ableman v. Booth'' (1858), ''Ex parte Vallandigham'' (1861), and ''United States v. Jackalow'' (1862).
Like its predecessor, the Supreme Court of the United States under Chief Justice Roger B. Taney exercised only limited appellate jurisdiction in criminal cases. Like its predecessor, it heard original habeas petitions, writs of error from the state courts, and certificates of division from the circuit courts. In addition, unlike its predecessor, the Court heard two writs of error from the territorial courts and three prerogative writs of mandamus and prohibition in criminal matters. The Court denied every petition for a prerogative writ that it received, habeas or otherwise.
==Background==
(詳細はJudiciary Act of 1789 divided original jurisdiction for the trial of federal crimes between the United States district courts and the United States circuit courts. The district courts were given jurisdiction over all federal crimes "where no other punishment than whipping, not exceeding thirty stripes, a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars, or a term of imprisonment not exceeding six months, is to be inflicted."〔Judiciary Act of 1789, § 9, 1 Stat. 73, 76–77.〕 The circuit courts were given concurrent jurisdiction over these crimes, and exclusive jurisdiction over all other federal crimes.〔Judiciary Act of 1789, § 11, 1 Stat. 73, 78–79.〕 The circuit courts also exercised appellate jurisdiction over the district courts,〔 but only in civil cases.〔Judiciary Act of 1789, § 22, 1 Stat. 73, 84–85.〕
The Judiciary Act of 1789 also placed the responsibility for prosecuting federal crimes in the United States Attorney for each United States federal judicial district. The Act provided that "there shall be appointed in each district" a "person learned in the law to act as attorney for the United States in such district, who shall be sworn or affirmed to the faithful execution of his office, whose duty it shall be to prosecute in such district all delinquents for crimes and offences, cognizable under the authority of the United States."〔Judiciary Act of 1789, § 35, 1 Stat. 73, 92–93.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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